Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures - 3 (CSLM-3)

CSLM-3 (2012) Status

June 2013 – The CSLM-3 dendrite samples are at Northwestern University beginning analysis by the Principal Investigator team.

March 2013 – The CSLM-3 materials science experiment was launched on SpaceX-2 on March 1, 2013. Six Sample Processing Units (SPUs) were processed while the SpaceX-2 vehicle was docked to the ISS. The SPUs were returned on SpaceX-2 on March 26, 2013. The dendrite samples were removed from the SPUs and sent to the Principal Investigator for analysis.

June 2012 – The Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures-3 (CSLM-3) team is preparing six Sample Processing Units to launch on SpaceX-2.  The Principal Investigator Peter Voorhees is preparing lead-tin dendrite samples for CSLM-3. The CSLM-3 materials science experiment will launch on SpaceX-2 and be operated in the Microgravity Science Glovebox while docked to the International Space Station, then undock from ISS and return the samples to earth on SpaceX-2.

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures - 2R (CSLM-2R)

CSLM-2R (2010) Status:
 
Feb 10, 2011 – The CSLM-2R experiment successfully processed the Low Volume Fraction samples within the Sample Processing Units on board the International Space Station and the samples will be returned the on Space Shuttle STS-133/Flight ULF-5.
 
June 8, 2010 – The CSLM-2R experiment was launched on the Space Shuttle STS-131/Flight 19A on April 5, 2010.  This set of CSLM-2R samples are the Low Volume Fraction set provided by the Principal Investigator Peter Voorhees. The CSLM-2R operated on board the International Space Station on June 8, 2010 through July 7, 2010. CSLM-2 Status

Overview

In any mixture that contains particles of different sizes, the large particles tend to grow while small particles shrink during a process called coarsening.  Tiny oil droplets coalescing into a large droplet are one illustration, but the process occurs in solids as well.  Coarsening occurs on Earth during the processing of any metal alloy and thus the coarsening process affects products from dental fillings to turbine blades.  Since the properties of an alloy are linked to the size of the particles within the solid, coarsening can be used to strengthen materials. This is the case with the majority of aluminum alloys used commercially today. Conversely, if the coarsening process proceeds too long the material can weaken. This occurs in jet turbine blades and is one of the reasons why turbine blades must be replaced after a certain number of hours of service.  Thus developing accurate models of the coarsening process is central to creating a wide range of new materials from those used in automobiles to those used in space applications. Results from CSLM-1 on MSL-1, while not conclusive or comprehensive, were sufficient to aid substantially in the development of a commercially available computer code from QuesTek Innovations LLC, called PrecipiCalcä, which is used in the design of new materials.  In this way knowledge generated by spaceflight experiments is impacting the design of new commercially important materials.

Solid-liquid systems are ideal systems to study this coarsening process. However, gravity can induce particle sedimentation and thus hamper the studies of coarsening in these mixtures on Earth.  The microgravity environment of the International Space Station will allow us to study the process of coarsening with reduced interference from the sedimentation that occurs on Earth.  We have shown that solid-liquid mixtures consisting of Sn-rich particles in a Pb-Sn eutectic liquid are ideal, and perhaps unique, systems in which to explore the dynamics of the Ostwald ripening process.  The high coarsening rate in these systems permit accurate kinetic data to be obtained and the thermo physical parameters necessary to make a comparison between theory and experiment are known.  However, in a terrestrial environment experiments can be performed only at the relatively high volume fractions of solid where the presence of a solid skeletal structure prevents large-scale particle sedimentation. Our past experiments on the ISS have also employed high volume fractions of coarsening phase to avoid what was expected to be deleterious g-jitter. The objective of this project is to perform a microgravity experiment on Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid mixtures using the low volume fractions of coarsening phase that can be directly compared to heretofore untested theories for coarsening in systems.  The spaceflight experiment will produce data that, for the first time, can be compared directly to theory with no adjustable parameters. This data will address the long-standing controversy over the dependence of the coarsening rate of a two-phase system on the volume fraction of coarsening phase. It will also complete the experimental matrix of the original CSLM-II experiment.

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures -2 (CSLM-2)

CSLM-2 (2008) Status
 
February 10, 2011 – The Principal Investigator Peter Voorhees at Northwestern University has analyzed the CSLM-2 high volume fraction samples from the six successful SPU’s and is writing a CSLM-2 Report to document the science results.
 
April 30, 2008 – CSLM-2 completed operations of 3 SPU’s containing high volume fraction samples on board the International Space Station.  Two SPU’s contained samples to repeat the processing of 2 SPU’s that did not process correctly in December 2007, plus one SPU to complete the high volume fraction test matrix.  All three SPU’s operated properly completing the six SPU high volume fraction test matrix.
 
March 11, 2008 – CSLM-2 launched 3 SPU’s containing high volume fraction samples on board the Space Shuttle STS-123/Flight 1J/A.
 
December 30, 2007 – CSLM-2 completed operations of 5 SPU’s containing high volume fraction samples on board the International Space Station.  Two of the 5 SPU’s did not operate properly.
 
August 8, 2007 – CSLM-2 launched 5 SPU’s containing high volume fraction samples on board the Space Shuttle STS-118/Flight 13A.1.

Overview

The Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures (CSLM) experiment is a materials science space flight experiment whose purpose is to investigate the kinetics of competitive particle growth within a liquid matrix. During coarsening, small particles shrink by losing atoms to larger particles, causing the larger particles to grow. In this experiment solid particles of tin will grow (coarsen) within a liquid lead-tin eutectic matrix. By conducting this experiment in a microgravity environment, a greater range of solid volume fractions can be studied, and the effects of convection present in terrestrial experiments will be negligible. The flight hardware consists of two separable pieces of equipment, the sample processing unit (SPU) and the electronic control unit (ECU).

Research Description

CSLM-2 samples are processed inside the Sample Processing Unit (SPU), which has a large, cylindrical sample chamber. After a sample is completed, pressurized water is pumped into the chamber to quench the sample, cooling it for removal. This system can quench the sample from 185C (the temperature required to initiate coarsening in tin-lead (Sn-Pb) samples) to 120C in only 6 seconds.

The Electronics Control Unit (ECU) provides power and the software that controls all stages of processing. Parameters and status are displayed on the ECU's LCD screen. The ECU controls the temperature inside the SPU sample chamber and monitors and records the sample's temperature. The quenching stage can be initiated automatically or controlled manually by the crew. A base plate attaches the SPU and ECU to the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) work volume floor.

Operational Requirements

CSLM-2 will be conducted inside the sealed MSG work volume. The crew must load and initiate each run. Quenching can be initiated manually. Data captured by the ECU is transferred to the MSG laptop for storage and downloading to the ground-based researchers. The samples are a mixture consisting of Sn (tin)-rich particles in a Pb-Sn liquid, a mixture that has a low sintering temperature and a high coarsening rate, making it perfect for studying Ostwald ripening.

Space Applications

In any mixture that contains particles of different sizes, the large particles tend to grow while the smaller particles shrink in a process called coarsening. Tiny oil droplets coalescing into a large blob are one illustration, but the process occurs in solids as well. Coarsening occurs on Earth during the processing of any metal alloy and thus the coarsening process affects products from dental fillings to turbine blades. Since the properties of an alloy are linked to the size of the particles within the solid, coarsening can be used to strengthen materials. This is the case with the majority of aluminum alloys used commercially today. Conversely, if the coarsening process proceeds too long the material can weaken. This occurs in jet turbine blades and is one of the reasons why turbine blades must be replaced after a certain number of hours of service. Thus developing accurate models of the coarsening process is central to creating a wide range of new materials from those used in automobiles to those used in space applications. Solid-liquid systems are ideal systems to study this coarsening process. However, gravity can induce particle sedimentation and thus hamper the studies of coarsening in these mixtures on Earth. The microgravity environment of the Space Station allows scientists to study the process of coarsening with reduced interference from the sedimentation that occurs on Earth.

Earth Applications

On Earth, materials that contain pores created and trapped during solidification degrade properties and cause a distinct weakening in the overall structure of the cast product. Determining what causes these problems will lead to the development of improved manufacturing processes for materials.

Previous Missions

CSLM-1, a precursor to CSLM-2, was conducted on STS-83 and STS-94. CSLM-2 was conducted during ISS Increment 7

CSLM-2 operated 5 SPU's on ISS during Increment 16 in December 2007.  CSLM-2 operated 3 SPU's on ISS during Increment 17 in April 2008.

Future Missions

The CSLM-2 SPU's that were operated on the ISS during Increment 16 and Increment 17 have been returned to earth on the Shuttle.  The CSLM-2 Principal Investigator is currently analyzing the samples from the SPU's returned.